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Jens Munk (3 June or July 1579 – 28 June 1628) was a Dano-Norwegian navigator and explorer. He entered into the service of King Christian IV of Denmark and is most noted for his attempts to find the Northwest Passage to India. 〔(''Jens Munk - Scandinavia's First Great Polar Explorer'' University Library of Tromsø )〕 ==Biography== Jens Munks was born on his father's estate Barbu at Arendal in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway. His father, Erik Munk, had received several fiefs for his achievements in the Northern Seven Years' War. However, his father had a reputation for his brutal rule over his estates which led to several trials. In 1585 he was deposed and imprisoned at Dragsholm Castle.〔(Rune Blix Hagen ''Jens Munk, Polfarer Sjøkaptein'' (Norsk biografisk leksikon) )〕 〔(Magne Njåstad ''Erik Nielssøn Munk, Magne Njåstad'' ( Norsk biografisk leksikon) )〕 At the age of eight, Jens Munk moved to Aalborg, Denmark with his mother who became a housekeeper in the home of her husband's sister who was married to the city's mayor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jens Munk - Søfarer, 1579-1628 )〕 In 1591, at the age of twelve, Munk went to Oporto in Portugal where he worked for the shipping magnate Duart Duez. The following year he sailed with a Dutch convoy to Bahia in Brazil. Off the Brazilian coast the convoy was attacked by French pirates. Munk was among the seven survivors. Munk lived in Bahia (today's Salvador) for six years, where he was in the service of Duart Duez' brother, Miguel. In 1599, under dramatic circumstances, Munk returned to Europe and Copenhagen, where the Danish magnate and Lord Chancellor Henrik Ramel hired him as ship clerk.〔(''Jens Munk (1579- 1628)'' (The Arctic Institute of North America. University of Calgary) )〕 In 1609, he set sail with his partner Jens Hvid for the ice-filled Barents Sea. After two unsuccessful attempts to find the Northeast passage in 1609 and 1610 he caught the attention of King Christian IV. In 1612, during the Kalmar War (1611–13), Jens Munk together with the nobleman Jørgen Daa led a successful attack on the Swedish fortress Älvsborg, near today's Gothenburg. In 1614, he led a search for the privateer Jan Mendoses, whom he fought in a battle at Kanin Nos near the entrance of the White Sea. In the spring of 1617 he recruited eighteen Basque whalemen for the first Danish whaling expedition to Spitsbergen. In 1618 King Christian IV appointed him as commander of the first Danish expedition to East India with five vessels and almost 1000 men, but only one month before the departure of the expedition, Munk was relegated and replaced by the much younger nobleman Ove Gjedde. The reason for the relegation is unclear, but was most likely caused by a conflict Munk had with the Lord Chancellor, Christian Friis. Munk’s setback was compounded by the deaths of his brother Niels and good friend Jørgen Daa. A few months earlier Munk also had lost a vast amount of money as a result of an unsuccessful whaling expedition and which caused loss of social prestige. As an attempt to regain his social position he started the planning of a much more spectacular expedition in 1619, the search for the Northwest Passage.〔(Terje Bratberg ''Daa'' (Store norske leksikon) )〕 On 9 May 1619, under the auspices of King Christian IV, Munk set out with 65 men and two of His Royal Majesty's ships, the frigate ''Enhiörningen'' (Unicorn) and the sloop ''Lamprenen '' (Lamprey). Both were outfitted under his own supervision. His mission was to discover the Northwest Passage to the Indies and China. His crew included Rasmus Jensen, Church of Denmark priest who is now recognized to be the first Lutheran cleric in Canada. Munk penetrated Davis Strait as far north as 69°, found Frobisher Bay,〔(Mowat, 1973, pp. 97)〕 and then spent almost a month fighting his way through Hudson Strait. In September 1619 he found the entrance to Hudson Bay and spent the winter near the mouth of the Churchill River. Cold, famine, and scurvy destroyed so many of his men that only two persons besides himself survived. With these men, he sailed for home with the ''Lamprey'' on 16 July 1620,〔(Mowat, 1973, pp. 111)〕 reaching Bergen, Norway, on 20 September 1620. Later a party of Indians returned to the shore. They found a number of unburied bodies of strange appearance and Munk's abandoned stores. Not knowing what gunpowder was, they set it alight and many of them were killed.〔Arthur Silver Morton, ''A History of Western Canada'', 1978?, page 33〕 Munk had planned on a new Northwest journey to take possession of ''Nova Dania'' (New Denmark) for the Danish crown, but his health was too weak to go on with it. In the subsequent years Munk served as sea captain in the royal fleet. During the Thirty years War Munk led a blockade on the River Weser in 1626 and 1627. Munk took part in the attacks on Wallenstein's troops at Fehmarn and in the Kieler Förde in March and April 1628. Munk died on 26 June the same year probably as a result of being wounded in the battles in the Kieler Förde a couple of months earlier. According to the French scientist Isaac de la Peyrere, who served as a legate at the French embassy in Copenhagen, Munk died as a result of a dispute with King Christian IV, in which the king attacked Munk with his stick and thus caused his death. Munk was buried at St Nikolai Lutheran Church on the Baltic island of Fehmarn. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jens Munk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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